Bahasa Inggris

Pengertian Descriptive Text

Dalam artian luas, Description, seperti dijelaskan oleh Kane (2000: 352), diartikan seperti pada kalimat di bawah ini :

Description is about sensory experience—how something looks, sounds, tastes. Mostly it is about visual experience, but description also deals with other kinds of perception.

Jadi, jika disimpulkan dari penjelasan Kane di atas, tulisan deskriptif bermakna teks yang menjelaskan tentang pengalaman yang berhubungan dengan pancaindera, seperti apa bentuknya, suaranya, rasanya. Kebanyakan teks deskriptif memang tentang pengalaman visual, tapi nyatanya pengalaman selain dari indera penglihatanpun bisa digunakan dalam descriptive text.

Namun secara khusus, descriptive text adalah, "...... is a text which says what a person or a thing is like. Its purpose is to describe and reveal a particular person, place, or thing."[teks yang menjelaskan gambaran seseorang atau benda. Tujuannya adalah mengambarkan atau mengungkapkan orang, tempat atau benda tertentu]

Jadi, bisa dikatakan bahwa descriptive text ini adalah teks yang menjelaskan tentang seperti apakah orang atau suatu benda dideskripsikan, baik bentuknya, sifat-sifatnya, jumlahnya dan lain-lain. Tujuan (purpose) dari descriptive text pun jelas, yaitu untuk menjelaskan, MENGGAMBARKAN atau mengungkapkan seseorang atau suatu benda.

Generic Structure dalam Descriptive Text

Ketika menulis descriptive text, ada beberapa susunan umum / generic structure(sebenarnya tidak wajib) agar tulisan kita dianggap benar. Susunan tersebut adalah :

1. Identification : berisi tentang identifikasi hal / seorang yang akan dideskripsikan.
2. Description : berisi tentang penjelasan / penggambaran tentang hal / seseorang dengan menyebutkan beberapa sifatnya.

Ketika kita menulis descriptive text, hal yang wajib kita ketahui adalah cara kita menyampaikan deskripsi tulisan kita tersebut. Oleh karena itu pemahaman tentang adjective(kata sifat bahasa Inggris) wajib kita kuasai.

Selain adjective, beberapa struktur bahasa Inggris yang berfungsi sebagai adjective pun harus kita pahami agar penulisan descriptive text kita terlihat tidak kaku.

Contoh Descriptive Text

Banyak sekali contoh descriptive text yang tersebar di dunia maya. Cara mudah mendapatkan contoh descriptive text dalam sebuah situs yaitu dengan melihat about ussebuah situs. Mengapa demikian, karena suatu situs biasanya terdapat penjelasan atau gambaran tentang keberadaan mereka dalam dunia maya.

Oke, mari kita lihat contoh descriptive text yang belum pernah anda baca (mungkin) :

Contoh Descriptive Text tenang Ibu

My mother is a beautiful person. She is not tall but not short, and she has curly hair and brown. Her eyes color are like honey and her color skin color light brown, and she has a beautiful smile. Her weight likes 120 lbs.


She is a very kind person. She is very lovely, friendly, patient, and she loves to help people. I love my mom, because she is a good example to me. She loves being in the Church, and she loves sing and dance too. 

She is a very good child, wife and mother. She always takes care of her family. She likes her house to be clean and organized. She a very organized person, and all things in the house are in the right place. She doesn't like messes. 

She always has a smile on her face. She is so sweet and lovely. I like when I am going to sleep or went I wake up or when I am going to go to some places, she always give me a kiss, and when the family have a problem she always be with us to helps us and to give us all her love.

Bagaimana membuat Descriptive Text Keindahan Shangri-La? Indahnya....

Contoh Descriptive Text tentang Yuta, Teman Kelas

Yuta is one of the 150 International students at the ELC of Brigham Young University. He is from Japan. He grew up in Japan, and he is 19 years old. There are six people in his family, a father, a mother, three sisters and himself. He is the youngest in his family. He is also the only boy in his family, but now he is in Provo, Utah, studying English. Yuta likes the United States very much and he thinks everything is cheap. Yuta thinks his English classes are excellent and the teachers are professionals. Yuta thinks someone in his class is noisy so he doesn't like that. In his free time he spends too much time sleeping, so it seems that he has a sleeping sickness.

Contoh Descriptive Text tentang Provo

I have been in Provo for almost eleven months. I have seen winter, spring, summer, and fall. Provo's winter is so beautiful. The mountains are covered with a lot of snow. They look like many beautiful brides wearing wedding dresses, and veils. In spring, Provo doesn't have many trees; when the snow melts the mountains are bald as strong bald men. Summer in Provo is very hot in the daytime. Last summer when I was walking under the sky, it was like walking in an oven; the sun was like a fire that burned my skin. In spring and summer the weather was always clear. I never used my umbrella. Provo was like a huge clothes dryer; it is very dry in spring and summer. In the fall the weather in Provo is very strange. One late September morning when I woke up, the mountaintops was covered with snow. Provo is a lovely and strange place. I love it very much.

Contoh Descriptive Text tentang Gitar

written by Jeremy Burden 


My most valuable possession is an old, slightly warped blond guitar--the first instrument I taught myself how to play. 

It's nothing fancy, just a Madeira folk guitar, all scuffed and scratched and finger-printed. At the top is a bramble of copper-wound strings, each one hooked through the eye of a silver tuning key. The strings are stretched down a long, slim neck, its frets tarnished, the wood worn by years of fingers pressing chords and picking notes. The body of the Madeira is shaped like an enormous yellow pear, one that was slightly damaged in shipping. The blond wood has been chipped and gouged to gray, particularly where the pick guard fell off years ago. 

No, it's not a beautiful instrument, but it still lets me make music, and for that I will always treasure it.

Bagaimana? sudah tahu tentang Descriptive Text? dan ingin mencoba menulis descriptive text sendiri?

Pengertian Narrative Text

Disebutkan bahwa A narrative text is an imaginative story to entertain people (teks narasi adalah cerita imaginatif yang bertujuan menghibur orang). 

Jika melihat pada kamus bahasa Inggris, secara harfiah narrative bermakna (1) a spoken or written account of connected events; a story. (2) the narrated part of a literary work, as distinct from dialogue. (3) the practice or art of narration. 

Cerita Narrative Text

(Narrative bermakna : 1. sebuah cerita baik terucap atau tertulis tentang peristiwa-peristiwa yang berhubungan. 2. bagian yang diceritakan dalam sebuah karya sastra, berbeda dengan dialog. 3. Praktik atau seni bercerita) 

Jika disimpulkan, maka sebuah narrative text adalah teks yang berisi sebuah cerita baik tertulis ataupun tidak tertulis dan terdapat rangkaian peristiwa yang saling terhubung.

Generic Structure dari Narrative Text

Bagi sobat yang masih duduk di bangku sekolah tingkat menengah, penjelasan mengenai narrative texts tak usah sulit-sulit ya.. Intinya, narrative text ini mempunyai struktur / susunan seperti di bawah ini : 

• Orientation : It is about the opening paragraph where the characters of the story are introduced.(berisi pengenalan tokoh, tempat dan waktu terjadinya cerita (siapa atau apa, kapan dan dimana) 

• Complication : Where the problems in the story developed. (Permasalahan muncul / mulai terjadi dan berkembang)

• Resolution : Where the problems in the story is solved. Masalah selesai, --- secara baik "happy ending" ataupun buruk "bad ending".

Kadangkala susunan (generic structure) narrative text bisa berisi: Orientation, Complication, Evaluation, Resolution dan Reorientation. Meski “Evaluation” dan “Reorientation” merupakan optional; bisa ditambahkan dan bisa tidak. Evaluation berisi penilaian/evaluasi terhadap jalannya cerita atau konflik. Sedangkan Reorientation berisi penyimpulan isi akhir cerita.

Jika sudah mahir membuat cerita narrative, susunannya bisa diubah-ubah kok, yang terpenting bagian-bagian di atas masih tetap ada dalam tulisan narrative sobat. 

Grammar Used dalam Narrative Text

Grammar (tata bahasa) yang sering muncul dalam membuat narrative text adalah:

Menggunakan tenses "Past", baik simple, past perfect, past continuous, past perfect continuous, atau bisa saja past future continuous. (aturan ini bukan aturan wajib yang mutlak harus dipenuhi kok. Tidak percaya, tanyakan pada guru bahasa Inggris sobat)

Untuk lebih jelasnya, lihat contohnya di bawah ini :

Contoh Narrative Text (1)

Sincere Will Get a Great Return

Once upon a time, there was a kingdom named Auretto, all people lived peacefully there. One of them was Charlita, the king’s daughter who was assumed as the most beautiful and kindest Princess of Auretto.

One day, Charlita looked blue. Because of that her father got confused. “What’s the matter my beautiful daughter? Why are you so sad?” asked King Fernando. Charlita was just silent. She did not say anything.

Then, King Fernando decided to make a competition to cheer Charlita again. After that, the palace representative announce: “I will make a competition. The aim is to make my daughter, Princess Charlita to be happy and laugh again. Everyone who can do it, will get a prize. It will be held tomorrow when the sun rises. Sign: King Fernando.”

The following morning, everybody came to the palace, tried to give their best performance. They seemed happy and laugh, but not for Princess Charlita. She was just silent and still looked sad.

King Fernando started to give up. No one amused his daughter. Then, there came a young handsome man. “Excuse me King Fernando. I would like to join your competition. But, would you mind if I took Princess Charlita for a walk?” said the young man gently. “As long as you make my daughter be happy again, it will totally alright.” said King Fernando. The young handsome man took Princess Charlita for a walk in a beautiful blue lake with a green forest around it. Princess Charlita smiled and looked happy after that. Every body looked happy, too. “I know why are you so my beautiful daughter. Now, I promise I will environment green. I regret for always destroying it. Finally, the environment around the kingdom became so beautiful and green, full of plants. Then, the young handsome man got a prize from the king. “I will marry you off my daughter.” said him. “That is the prize I promise for you. Thanks for keeping our environment well. Thanks for making my daughter happy again.”

Contoh Narrative Text (2)

The Legend of Rawa Pening

Once upon a time, there was a little poor boy came into a little village. He was very hungry and weak. He knocked at every door and asked for some food, but nobody cared about him. Nobody wanted to help the little boy.

Finally, a generous woman helped him. She gave him shelter and a meal. When the boy wanted to leave, this old woman gave him a “lesung”, a big wooden mortar for pounding rice. She reminded him, “please remember, if there is a flood you must save yourself. Use this “lesung” as a boat”. The “lesung” was happy and thanked the old woman.The little boy continued his journey. While he was passing through the village, he saw many people gathering on the field. The boy came closer and saw a stick stuck in the ground. People challenged each other to pull out that stick. Everybody tried, but nobody succeeded. “Can I try?” asked the little boy. The crowd laughed mockingly. The boy wanted to try his luck so he stepped forward and pulled out the stick. He could do it very easily. Everybody was dumbfounded.

Suddenly, from the hole left by stick, water spouted out. It did not stop until it flooded the village. And no one was saved from the water except the little boy and the generous old woman who gave him shelter and meal. As she told him, he used the “lesung” as a boat and picked up the old woman. The whole village became a huge lake. It is now known as Rawa Pening Lake in Salatiga, Central Java, Indonesia.

Penjelasan Narrative Text (untuk tingkat Mahir)

  

Untuk mengetahui definisi dan penjelasan tentang narration (narrative text) sobat mahasiswa dan mahasiswi bisa membaca buku buku tentang writing di perpustakaan terdekat dan terlengkap, dan disini saya hanya akan mengutipkan pendapat Thomas S. Kane (2000: 363-364) di bawah ini:

A narrative is a meaningful sequence of events told in words. It is sequential in that the events are ordered, not merely random. Sequence always involves an arrangement in time (and usually other arrangements as well). A straightforward movement from the first event to the last constitutes the simplest chronology. However, chronology is sometimes complicated by presenting the events in another order: for example, a story may open with the final episode and then flash back to all that preceded it.

A narrative has meaning in that it conveys an evaluation of some kind. The writer reacts to the story he or she tells, and states or implies that reaction. This is the "meaning," sometimes called the "theme," of a story. Meaning must always be rendered. The writer has to do more than tell us the truth he sees in the story; he must manifest that truth in the characters and the action.

Characters and action are the essential elements of any story. Also important, but not as essential, is the setting, the place where the action occurs. Characters are usually people—sometimes actual people, as in history books or newspaper stories, sometimes imaginary ones, as in novels. Occasionally characters are animals (as in an Aesop fable), and sometimes a dominant feature of the environment functions almost like a character (the sea, an old house).

The action is what the characters say and do and anything that happens to them, even if it arises from a nonhuman source—a storm, for instance, or a fire. Action is often presented in the form of a plot. Action is, so to speak, the raw material; plot, the finished product, the fitting together of the bits and pieces of action into a coherent pattern. Usually, though not invariably, plot takes the form of a cause-and effect chain: event A produces event B; B leads to C; C to D; and so on until the final episode, X. In a well-constructed plot of this kind we can work back from X to A and see the connections that made the end of the story likely and perhaps inevitable.

Stories can be very long and complicated, with many characters, elaborate plots, and subtle interpenetration of character, action, and setting. In writing that is primarily expository, however, narratives are shorter and simpler. Most often they are factual rather than imaginary, as when an historian describes an event. And often in exposition an illustration may involve a simple narrative. Being able to tell a story, then, while not the primary concern of the expository writer, is a skill which he or she will now and again be called upon to use.

Demikianlah penjelasan dan kumpulan contoh narrative text yang bisa dihadirkan dalam kesempatan ini. Semoga bisa bermanfaat untuk kita semua.

Adjective dan Adverb sebagai Noun Modifier

Tentang Adjective dan Adverb Sebagai Noun Modifier

Modifier adalah kata, phrase, atau clause yang menerangkan kata atau kelompok kata lain. Jadi noun modifier merupakan kata, phrase, atau clause yang menerangkan noun. Pada tulisan ini akan dibahas adjective dan adverb sebagai noun modifier digunakan untuk membentuk suatu noun phrase. 

Sebagai noun modifier, adjective biasanya digunakan ketika harus memberi penjelasan pada kata benda dengan suffix (akhiran): -body, -one, dan -thing.

Contoh Penggunaan Adjective sebagai Noun Modifier

Beberapa contoh noun phrase dan kalimat hasil pembentukan dari adjective sebagai noun modifier adalah sebagai berikut.

Rumus	Contoh Noun Phrase	Contoh Kalimat
-body + adj.	somebody helpful, everybody happy, nobody friendly	I found somebody helpful when I was in trouble. (Saya menemukan seseorang yang menolong ketika aku sedang dalam masalah.)
-one + adj.	someone special, none sad, anyone embarrassed	She hasn’t introduced her someone special to me. (Dia belum mengenalkan seseorang spesialnya kepadaku.)
-thing + adj.	something stupid, nothing interesting, everything okay	Can you stop talking something stupid to me? (Bisakah kamu berhenti membicarakan sesuatu yang bodoh kepadaku?)
adjective + noun (=left-handed noun phrase)	the lazy student, a messy room, the hot issue	The employers can’t work efficiently in a messy room. (Para pekerja tidak dapat bekerja efisien di sebuah ruangan yang berantakan.)

Contoh Penggunaan Adverb sebagai Noun Modifier

Adapun rumus dan contoh adverb sebagai noun modifier adalah sebagai berikut.

Rumus	Contoh Noun Phrase	Contoh Kalimat
adverb + noun	the house nearby, the people there	My old friend is one of the people there. (Teman lama saya adalah satu dari orang-orang disana.)
		He is attending the dinner invitation in the house nearby. (Dia sedang menghadiri undangan makan malam di rumah dekat sini.)

Semoga tulisan adjective dan adverb sebagai noun modifier ini bermanfaat dan mohon maaf jika ada kekurangan. Feel free to comment! :)

EXPRESSING SATISFACTION AND DISSATISFACTION

Asking about satisfaction

-          how do you like your room?

-          is everything O.K ?

-          is everything satisfactory ?

-          are you satisfied?

Asking about dissatisfaction

-          Do you want to complain about something?

-          Was something not to your satisfaction ?

-          Are you dissatisfied with something?

-          Did you find our service satisfactory ?

Expressing satisfaction

-          I really like my new hair cut

-          I’m completely satisfied with everything you’ve done for me.

-         It was satisfactory.

-         It was okay. Not too bad.

Expressing dissatisfaction

-          It is disappointing that.!

-          It is unacceptable

-          This is the limit I won't take any more of...

-          Well, this is most unsatisfactory.

-          The concert is so boring.

-          What an awful meeting

-          It's not as good as I thought.

Example dialog Expressing Satisfaction :

    Agnes   :   How’s your vacation in Bali ?

    Made    :   It was  terrific! The beaches are beautiful and the sun set from Tanah Lot is

                  satisfying.

   Agnes : Really? What else did you do there?

   Made   : Oh, I went parasailing! It was the most breath-taking thing that I’ve ever done.

   Agnes : Wow, it must be a very fun trip for you.

   Made   : Yes,I’m very satisfied with my vacation there. You must go there.

   Agnes : Yes, I think I’ll do that.

Example dialog Expressing Dissatisfaction :

   Basten    : Retno, I thought you were on vacation.

   Rio          : Well, I got back early.

   Basten    : Why?

   Rio          : Well,I didn’t really enjoy being there.

   Basten    : What happened?

   Rio          : Well, the beach was very dirty, and when I got there it was raining

                     heavily.What made it worse was the hotel where I stayed had a bad service.

   Basten    : You seem to be unhappy with your vacation.

   Rio          : Yes, I’m quite displeased about it .

Analytical Exposition

A.     Definition of Analytical Exposition

    Analytical Exposition is kind of text which consist into the kinds Argument. 

      Analytical Exposition merupakan jenis teks yang termasuk ke dalam jenis Argument. Teks ini berisi tentang pemikiran terperinci tentang sebuah kejadian atau peristiwa yang ada di sekitar.

B.     The Purpose of Analytical Exposition

To persuade by presenting argument

To analyse or explain ‘how’ and ‘why’

Atau untuk meyakinkan pembaca bahwa topic yang dihadirkan adalah topic yang penting untuk dibahas atau mendapat perhatian dengan cara pemberian argument-argumen atau pendapat-pendapat yang mendukung ide pokok atau topic tersebut.

                                              

C.     Generic structure of the Analytical Exposition

1.       A thesis

Dalam bagian Thesis, penulis memperkenalkan tentang topik atau ide pokok yang akan dibahas. Thesis selalu berada di paragraf pertama dalam Analytical Exposition Text.

2.       Argument

Dalam bagian ini penulis menghadirkan argumen-argumen atau pendapat-pendapat yang mendukung ide pokok penulis, biasanya dalam sebuah Analytical Exposition Text terdapat lebih dari dua argumen. Semakin banyak argumen yang ditampilkan semakin percaya pembaca bahwa topik yang dibahas oleh penulis adalah topik yang sangat penting atau membutuhkan perhatian.

3.       Reiteration

Bagian ini merupakan bagian penutup dari sebuahAnalytical Exposition Text yang selalu terletak di akhir paragraf. Reiteration berisi penulisan kembali atau penempatan kembali ide pokok yang terdapat di paragraf pertama. Recommendation juga biasa disebut dengan conclusion atau kesimpulan.

D.     Language Features of Analytical Exposition

(Ciri Kebahasaan)    
                                      

-     The use of Emotive word ( Menggunakan kata Emotif)

ex: alarmed (cemas), worried (khawatir)

-     The use “words that qualify statement” 

  kata yg memenuhi syarat pernyataan.

Ex: usual (biasa) ,  probably (mungkin)

-     The use ‘words that link argument

  Menggunakan kata yang menggunakan argument

(firstly, however, on the other hand, therefore)

-     The use of the present tense

-     The use of compound and complex sentences

E.     Sample Analytical Exposition

Cars should be banned

                                               
Thesis

Cars should be banned in the city. As we all know, cars create pollution, and cause a lot of road deaths and other accidents.

                                                                   
(Mobil harus dilarang di kota. Seperti yang kita ketahui, mobil membuat polusi dan membuat banyak kecelakaan di jalan dan kematian.)

Argument 1

Firstly, cars, as we all know, give contribution to the most of the pollution in the world. Cars emit deadly gas that causes illness such as bronchritis, lung cancer, and ‘triggers’ off asthma. Some of these illnesses are so bad that people can die from them.

(Pertama, mobil, sebagai mana kita ketahui, menyumbang polusi terbanyak di dunia. Mobil mengeluarkan gas mematikan yang menyebabkan penyakit seperti bronchitis, kanker paru-paru, dan pemicu asthma. Beberapa penyakit tersebut sangatlah buruk bagi manusia yang bisa menyebabkan kematian.)

Argument 2

Secondly, the city is very busy. Pedestrians wander everywhere and cars commonly hit pedestrains in the city, which causes them to die. Cars today are our roads biggest killers.

(Yang kedua, kota sangatlah sibuk. Pejalan kaki berjalan ke mana-mana dan mobil umumnya menabrak pejalan kaki di kota, yang menyebabkan kematian. Mobil hari ini adalah pembunuh terbesar di jalan.)

Argument 3

Thirdly, cars are very noisy. If you live in the city, you may find it hard to sleep at night, or to concentrate on your homework, and especially when you talk to someone.

(Yang ketiga, mobil sangatlah berisik. Jika kamu tinggal di kota, kamu mungkin akan menjumpai sangat lah susah untuk tidur di malam hari atau untuk berkonsentrasi pada pekerjaan rumah kalian, dan khususnya ketika kamu berbicara kepada seseorang.)

Reiteration

In conclusion, cars should be benned from the city for the reason listed.

(Kesimpulannya, mobil harus dilarang dari kota berdasarkan alasan tersebut.)

Passive voice

Use of Passive

Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action.

Example: My bike was stolen.

In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not know, however, who did it.

Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following example shows:

Example: A mistake was made.

In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone (e.g. You have made a mistake.).

Form of Passive

Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs)

Example: A letter was written.

When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:

§  the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence

§  the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)

§  the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)

Examples of Passive 

Tense		Subject	Verb	Object
Simple Present	Active:	Rita	writes	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	is written	by Rita.
Simple Past	Active:	Rita	wrote	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	was written	by Rita.
Present Perfect	Active:	Rita	has written	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	has been written	by Rita.
Future I	Active:	Rita	will write	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	will be written	by Rita.
Hilfsverben	Active:	Rita	can write	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	can be written	by Rita.

Examples of Passive 

Tense		Subject	Verb	Object
Present Progressive	Active:	Rita	is writing	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	is being written	by Rita.
Past Progressive	Active:	Rita	was writing	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	was being written	by Rita.
Past Perfect	Active:	Rita	had written	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	had been written	by Rita.
Future II	Active:	Rita	will have written	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	will have been written	by Rita.
Conditional I	Active:	Rita	would write	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	would be written	by Rita.
Conditional II	Active:	Rita	would have written	a letter.
	Passive:	A letter	would have been written	by Rita.

Passive Sentences with Two Objects 

Rewriting an active sentence with two objects in passive voice means that one of the two objects becomes the subject, the other one remains an object. Which object to transform into a subject depends on what you want to put the focus on.

	Subject	Verb	Object 1	Object 2
Active:	Rita	wrote	a letter	to me.
Passive:	A letter	was written	to me	by Rita.
Passive:	I	was written	a letter	by Rita.

.

As you can see in the examples, adding by Rita does not sound very elegant. That’s why it is usually dropped.

Personal and Impersonal Passive

Personal Passive simply means that the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence. So every verb that needs an object (transitive verb) can form a personal passive.

Example: They build houses. – Houses are built.

Verbs without an object (intransitive verb) normally cannot form a personal passive sentence (as there is no object that can become the subject of the passive sentence). If you want to use an intransitive verb in passive voice, you need an impersonal construction – therefore this passive is calledImpersonal Passive.

Example: he says – it is said

Impersonal Passive is not as common in English as in some other languages (e.g. German, Latin). In English, Impersonal Passive is only possible with verbs of perception (e. g. say, think, know).

Example: They say that women live longer than men. – It is said that women live longer than men.

Although Impersonal Passive is possible here, Personal Passive is more common.

Example: They say that women live longer than men. – Women are said to live longer than men.

The subject of the subordinate clause (women) goes to the beginning of the sentence; the verb of perception is put into passive voice. The rest of the sentence is added using an infinitive construction with 'to' (certain auxiliary verbs and that are dropped).

Sometimes the term Personal Passive is used in English lessons if the indirect object of an active sentence is to become the subject of the passive sentence.

IF CLAUSE Type 1, 2, 3

1.         CONDITIONAL TYPE 1

Conditional sentence type 1 digunakan untuk menunjukan sesuatu hal yang mungkin atau tidak mungkin terjadi diwaktu yang akan datang . Conditional type I dibentuk dengan if clause (dalam simple present tense) dan main clause ( dalam simple future tense ).

if  +  simple present , subject  +  will  +  bare invinitive

·         if i finish work early , i play tennis

·         if she has enough time , she will come to your house

·         if  you invite us , we will come to your wedding party

If  +  simple present  +  modal auxiliary (can, may, must, will) digunakam untuk menunjukan suatu kemungkinan (possibility) , izin (permission), kepastian (certainty).

If  +  simple present ,subject  +  can,may,must  +  bare infinitive

·         if  you leave now, you will arrive in time (certain result)

·         if you leave now , you may arrive in time (possibility)

·         if he is in hurry , he can use my car (permission)

2.    CONDITIONAL SENTENCES: TYPE II

Conditional sentence type II digunakan untuk menunjukkan sesuatu yang bertentangan dengan fakta atau yang sesungguhnya di waktu sekarang.

If + subject + simple past, subject + would, could, might + bare infinitive

·         If you had longer legs, you would be able to run faster

·         If you spoke English well , he would be accepted to work here

·         If I had a spare ticket , I would give it to him

Conditional sentence type II juga digunakan untuk menunjukkan suatu yang tidak kita harapkan terjadi di waktu sekarang .

If + subject + simple past, subject + would, could, might + bare infinitive

·         If a robber came into my house, I would throw a knife at him

·         If the man chased me , I would ran away

·         If he wanted to kill me , I would report him to a police

      3.          CONDITIONAL SENTENCES: TYPE III

Conditional sentence type III digunakan untuk menunjukan suatu penyelesaian (regret dan lain-lain ) tentang sesuatu yang tidak akan pernah terjadi lagi diwaktu sekarang.

If  +  subject  +  past perfect , would/could/might   +  have  +  past participle

·         If you had gone by car, you would have arrive in bandung

·         If you had studied english seriously, you would spoken english well

·         If she had tried harder, she would have been successful

·         If you had left early, you might have arrive there

If had been you/inyour position

“if i had been you / in your position” digunakan untuk menunjukan apa yang sudah akan kita lakukan jika kita berada dalam posisi orang lain.

·         If i had been in your position, i would have accepted her offer of help

·         If i had been mary, i would have paid fifty million rupiah for the car

Example

•   If i finish work early , I will play tennis

            Fact : It is possible that I will play tennis

•    If i finished work early, I would play tennis

            Fact : I don’t finish work early, so I don’t play tennis

•   If i finished work early, I would played tennis

            Fact : I didn’t finish work early, so I didn’t play tennis

•         If he arrives on time, I will speak wih him

            Fact : It is possible that he arrives on time

•         If he arrived on time, I would speak with him

           Fact : He don’t arrives on time, so i don’t speak him

•         If he arrived on time,  I would spoke with him

           Fact : He didn’t arrives on time, so I didn’t speak him

•        If  you invite us , we will come to your wedding party

          Fact : It is possible that you invite us

•        If you invited us, we would come to your wedding party

           Fact : I don’t invite us, so we don’t wedding party

•        If you invited us, we would came to your weeding party

          Fact : I didn’t invite us, so we didn’t wedding party

•        If you speak english well, he would be accept to work here

          Fact : It is possible that you speak english well

•       If you spoke English well , he would be accepted to work here

         Fact : I don’t speak english well, so he don’t accept to work here

•       If you spoked english well, he would be accepted to work here

         Fact : I didn’t speak english well, so he didn’t accept to work

Poster

A poster is any piece of printed paper designed to be attached to a wall or vertical surface.[1]Typically posters include both textual and graphic elements, although a poster may be either wholly graphical or wholly text. Posters are designed to be both eye-catching and informative. Posters may be used for many purposes. They are a frequent tool of advertisers (particularly of events, musicians and films), propagandists, protestors and other groups trying to communicate a message. Posters are also used for reproductions of artwork, particularly famous works, and are generally low-cost compared to original artwork.

Phamplet

A pamphlet is an unbound booklet (that is, without a hard cover or binding). It may consist of a single sheet of paper that is printed on both sides and folded in half, in thirds, or in fourths (called a leaflet), or it may consist of a few pages that are folded in half and saddle stapled at the crease to make a simple book. In order to count as a pamphlet, UNESCO requires a publication (other than a periodical) to have "at least 5 but not more than 48 pages exclusive of the cover pages";^[1] a longer item is a book.

Banner

A banner is a flag or other piece of cloth bearing a symbol, logo, slogan or other message. Banner-making is an ancient craft. Church banners commonly portray the saint to whom the church is dedicated.

The word derives from French word "bannière" and late Latin bandum, a cloth out of which a flag is made (Latin: banderia, Italian: bandiera, Portuguese: bandeira, Spanish:bandera). The German language developed the word to mean an official edict or proclamation and since such written orders often prohibited some form of human activity,bandum assumed the meaning of a ban, control, interdict or excommunication. Bannshas the same origin meaning an official proclamation, and abandon means to change loyalty or disobey orders, semantically "to leave the cloth or flag

Pengertian Past Continuous Tense

Past continuous tense adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan untuk mengungkapkan bahwa suatu aksi sedang terjadi pada waktu tertentu di masa lampau. Aksi tersebut telah dimulai tapi belum selesai pada saat itu. 

Rumus Past Continuous Tense

Past continuous tense (atau past progressive tense) dibentuk dengan auxiliary verb “be”, berupa was/were – karena past tense (masa lalu),  dan present participle (-ing form). Was untuk singular subject (I, she, he, it, dan kata ganti orang ketiga) dan were untuk plural subject (you, they, we, orang ketiga jamak). Past continuous tense umumnya hanya terjadi pada aksi berupa dynamic verb, tidak stative verb karena secara umum hanya dynamic verb yang memiliki bentuk continuous. [Baca: Stative Verb dengan Bentuk Progressive] Dengan demikian rumus past continuous tense untuk kalimat positif, negatif, dan interogatif adalah sebagai berikut.

Jenis Kalimat	Rumus	Contoh Past Continuous Tense
positif (+)	S + be(was/were) + V1-ing/present participle	The team was running
		The workers were queuing
negatif (-)	S + be(was/were) + not + V1-ing/present participle	The team was not running
		The workers weren’t queuing
interogatif(?)	be(was/were) + S + V1-ing/present participle?	Was the team running
		Were the workers queuing

Penggunaan dan Contoh Past Continuous Tense

Beberapa penggunaan dan contoh kalimat past continuous tense adalah sebagai berikut.

Fungsi	Contoh kalimat Past Continuous Tense
Past continuous tense untuk mengindikasikan suatu aksi yang terjadi selama momen tertentu di masa lampau.	I was shopping at this time yesterday. (Saya sedang belanja pada jam ini kemarin.)
	What was she doing at 5 am this morning? (Apa yang sedang dia lakukan jam 5 pagi ini?)
	They were roasting corn at this time last night. (Mereka sedang membakar jagung pada jam ini kemarin malam.)
	I was doing physically exercises all day yesterday. (Saya sedang melakukan latihan-latihan fisik sepanjang hari kemarin.)
Untuk menunjukkan bahwa ada aksi berdurasi pendek (simple past tense) yang terjadi ketika suatu aksi berdurasi panjang (past continuous tense) sedang berlangsung.	She was sleeping when you called her. (Dia sedang tidur ketika kamu meneleponnya.)
	The door was knocked while I was studying. (Pintu diketuk ketika saya sedang belajar.)
Past continuous tense digunakan untuk mengolok-olok atau mengkritik aksi yang terjadi pada interval acak namun sebenarnya merupakan kebiasaan alami.	The girl was always yelling out loud. (Anak itu selalu menjerit keras-keras.)
	My neighbor was always chasing stray cats off with his broom. (Tetangga saya selalu mengusir kucing-kucing liar dengan sapunya.)

Semoga tulisan pengertian, rumus dan contoh kalimat past continuous tense ini bermanfaat dan mohon maaf jika ada kekurangan. Feel free to comment! :)

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